Taking on the Grand Challenges
Written on November 1st , 2025 by Tech Ads
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RESEARCH, INC.
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Taking on the Grand Challenges
The U.S. Government Office of Science and
Technology Policy describes a wide range of
science and engineering Grand Challenges that
require an unprecedented amount of compu-
tational power and capability to investigate
and understand. Solving these fundamental
problems is critical to sustaining and extending
leadership in science and technology. Examples
of Grand Challenges include:
O Prediction of weather and global
climate change
[Determination of molecular, atomic,
and nuclear structures
(Understanding turbulence, groundwater,
pollution, dispersion, and combustion systems
(Mapping the human genome
Understanding the nature of new materials
Problems related to national security
Until now, the Grand Challenges could not be
solved with available computational tools. As
scientists and engineers begin to explore these
formidable problems; the computational power
of the new CRAY Y-MP C90 supercomputer
coupled with Cray Research software will
provide exciting new solution opportunities.
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Introducing the CRAY Y-MP C30 Supercomputer System
In 1822, an Englishman named Charles Babbage invented
the Difference Engine, the forerunner to modern computers.
As the technical wonder of its age, it revolutionized the
way people thought about problem solving. Now, Cray
Research starts a new revolution in science and engineering
with the CRAY Y-MP C90 supercomputer — a new
Difference Engine for the Grand Challenges of today.
The CRAY ¥-MP C90 supercomputer is a bold new
engineering achievement that offers unmatched problem-
solving capabilities. As the most powerful supercomputer
ever offered by Cray Research, the CRAY ¥-MP C90 uses
many innovative technologies to deliver easy access to
the highest levels of performance and reliability.
At Cray Research, we offer more than just the fastest
hardware and most comprehensive software — we offer
a Network Supercomputing solution that allows you to
rise to the challenges of your work. As a complete system,
Cray Research hardware, software, applications, and
networks provide the insight you need to approach today’s
problems with revolutionary solutions.
Redefining high-performance computing
As the most powerful supercomputer available for produc-
tion applications, the CRAY Y-MP C90 supercomputer is
a major milestone of technology leadership. It sets new
standards for high performance computing with six times
the peak computing power of the original CRAY Y-MP 8
system, while maintaining upward binary compatibility.
The CRAY ¥-MP C90 system features an all-new central
processor that provides a peak performance of 1 billion
floating-point operations per second (1 GFLOPS). To
achieve this performance, each CPU delivers two vector
results per functional unit every clock period with a dual
vector pipeline. Using 16 of these powerful processors
CRAY Y-MP C90 system configuration
and 256 million words (2 billion bytes) of central memory,
the CRAY Y-MP C90 system enables a higher level of
productivity for scientists and engineers with a peak
performance of 16 GFLOPS.
Model CPUs Central memory / clusters Optional sD
CRAY ¥-MP C90/16256 16 256 Mwords 2-16 312,1024, or 2048 Mwords
(2 Gbytes) (4, 8, or 16 Gbytes)
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CRAY Y-MP C90 highlights
O Full upward compatibility with entire CRAY Y-MP
product line
C) Sixteen processors
[116 GFLOPS peak performance
(110,000-gate Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
gate-array circuits
C) Dual vector pipelines in each CPU
C) Flexible hardware chaining for vector operations
C) Gather/scatter and compressed index vector
support
OAlexible processor clustering for multitasking
applications
(Four parallel memory ports per processor
Liquid cooling system
O Dedicated registers for efficient interprocessor
communication and control
1256 Mwords (2 Gbytes) central memory
CL Single-byte correction, double-byte detection
memory protection
LiMemory bandwidth of 250 Gbytes/sec
O Optional SSD with 512, 1024, or 2048 Mwards
(4, 8, or 16 Gbytes)
New technologies maximize
system availability
To deliver unmatched performance and reliability,
the CRAY ¥-MP C90 systern uses the following new
technologies:
L) Custom high-speed 10,000 gate-array circuits
increase reliability and reduce manufacturing
costs with four times the level of integration of
previous devices.
DO Surface-mount component assembly reduces
manufacturing and reliability problems associated
with chip leads,
FO Multi-layer circuit boards with internal pathways
prevent cantaminants from corrupting signal
integrity,
Peak performance alone does not ensure computational
efficiency; to sustain high levels of performance, a super-
computer requires a balanced system of hardware and
software where all parts are matched to provide the
most useful power to the user. The balanced architecture
of the CRAY Y-MP C90 system includes the following
elements to ensure maximum performance:
O01 More parallelism than any other vector supercomputer
available today. The 16-processor CRAY ¥-MP C30
features 64-way vector parallelism with two vector
pipes and two functional units per CPU. Combined
with its mature, production-tested multitasking softwere
the CRAY ¥-MP C90 system makes it easy to apply
the power of 64-way vector parallelism to today’s
most widely used science and engineering codes.
0) Unprecedented memory bandwidth. The CRAY Y-MP C30
delivers more sustained compute power to the user
with four parallel memory ports per CPU and 250
Gbytes/sec of memory bandwidth.
O Unmatched W/O bandwidth. To run efficiently, a high-
speed supercomputer requires equally expansive
input/output capabilities. With an aggregate I/O band
width of 13.6 Gbytes/sec, the CRAY Y-MP C90 system
offers the most powerful and versatile I/O capabilities
in the industry.
0 Optional 55D Solid-state Storage Device for increased
throughput. An optional SSD Solid-state Storage
Device provides very-high-speed secondary memory
with up to 2 Gwords (16 Gbytes) of storage capacity
With an aggregate bandwidth of 13.6 Gbytes/sec, the
55D allows you to solve large problems in less time.
Bridging the gap between
potential and productivity
In addition to solving problems much larger than
previously possible, the CRAY 'Y-MP C90 system can
solve a greater number of problems as well. But increased
productivity doesn't stop there. All Cray Research systems
feature a powerful software application support environ
ment that eliminates obstacles between you and the
problems you need to solve. The application support
environment offers the following advantages unique to
Cray Research systems:
CO Maximized throughput increases user productivity
The CRAY Y-MP C90 delivers the maximum amount
Far left, isosurfaces (yellow) Left, supersonic flow over
representing the shock region a pilot (ejected). The color
of flow over an F-14 travelling == contours represent the Mach
at Mach 1.5. The exhaust number, computed using
represents the contours of NEWTUN.
the Mach number, computed
using NEWTUN,
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of useful power to the user with UNICOS, the most
robust and production-capable UNIX-based operating
system available.
O Proven application development environment. UNICOS
allows you to develop complex applications quickly
and easily with a broad range of powerful compilers,
debuggers, libraries, visualization capabilities, and
distributed processing took.
DC High-speed I/O increases performance, The I/O capa-
bilities of the CRAY Y-MP C90 system are enhanced
further with powerful l/O software that provides
exceptional throughput automatically. This software
also provides simple-to-use options for reducing
(0 transfers and attaining peak disk and tape transfer
rates.
UO Network supercomputing delivers real supercomputing
power to your desktop. Because Cray Research super-
computers support industry standards a5 well as a variety
of language extensions, network protocols, and utilities
fram other vendors, they can be integrated easily into
heterogeneous computing enviranments,
CA proven set of powertul applications. Cray Research
offers leading-edge, optimized applications for nearly
every scientific and engineering discipline, including
the most widely used third-party application programs.
Protecting your high-end supercomputing
investments
To protect your high-end supercomputing investments,
the CRAY Y-MP C90 offers full upward binary compatibility
with the entire CRAY Y-MP family of supercomputers.
Applications developed on any CRAY ¥-MP system can
be run on the CRAY Y-MP C90 system.
The proven technologies of the CRAY Y-MP family of
supercomputers offer the widest range of computational
capabilities available. From air-cooled CRAY Y-MP EL systems
to full-scale capability supercomputers like the CRAY Y-MP8
and CRAY Y-MP C90 systems, the CRAY Y-MP family
features. binary-compatible performance spanning more
than two orders of magnitude,
The CRAY ¥-MP C90 provides an easy upgrade path
from other CRAY Y-MP systems. Customers wishing to
upgrade from their existing CRAY Y-MP 8E system can
do so by simply swapping mainframe cabinets. The
CRAY ¥-MP C90 system can use existing 10S, 55D, and
Methylation of DNA. The
image shows meth
DNA (left) and normal DNA.
Abnormal patterns of
methylated ONA have been
shown to occur in nearly
all forms of human cancer,
Computed using AMBER
on CRAY ¥-MP system and
displayed with MIDAS on
Silicon Graphics workstation,
support equipment, easing system installation and
providing significant cost savings.
The best overall supercomputing solutions
To enhance productivity, all CRAY Y-MP systems can
process a varied workload mix and still maintain optimal
performance, While some architectures offer fast solu-
tions for only certain types of problems, the balanced
CRAY Y-MP architecture offers the highest possible per-
formance on scalar, short vector, long vector, parallel,
and highly parallel problems. Because the real problems
making up a production workload consist of a varied
mix of codes, the CRAY Y-MP C90 system offers the best
overall performance solution.
Physical description
The CRAY Y-MP C90 system is comprised of a main-
frame cabinet and IOS cabinet. The mainframe cabinet
contains the CPUs, central memory, and power supplies.
The 105 cabinet contains the |/O Subsystem and option-
al 55D. The mainframe cabinet measures 116.25 inches
wide by 101 inches deep by 85.5 inches high (2.95 m x
2.57 mx 2.17 m). The [OS cabinet measures 46 inches
wide by 75.5 inches deep by 76.25 inches high (1.17 m
x 1.92 mx 1.94 m).
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input/output highlights
Li High performance I/O software
OUp to 16 1/0 clusters
LD Up to 16 channel adapters per cluster for a total
of 256 channels
1 Aggregate I/O bandwidth of 13.6 Gbytes/sec
Li Support for high-performance disk drives
C1 Support for high-performance online tapes -
C1 Support for industry-standard and proprietary
networks
LJ Support for the ANSI standard HIPPI channel
SSD highlights
Cilmproves system throughput and individual
program performance
LiUp to 2 Gwords (16 Gbytes) capacity
LC Reliable VLSI technology
LI Up to four 1800-Mbyte/sec channels to mainframe
OD) Aggregate 55D bandwidth of upto 13,6 GbytesSec
LISECDED memory protection
1200-Mbyte/sec channels to the 10S
Left, airflow around ascending
space shuttle. The image was
generated using Cray Research's
Multipurpose Graphic System,
and includes a complete shuttle,
tank, and solid rocket booster.
Right, frontal car crash
analysis model,
Advanced |/0 technology
The most powerful I/O technology available
The 105 allows the central memory of the CRAY ¥-MP
C90 system to communicate at high speeds with networks
and peripherals such as disk and tape drives.
Ta provide industry-leading performance, versatility, and
reliability, the CRAY 'Y-MP C30 system uses the Model E
VO Subsystem (IOS) recently introduced with the CRAY 'Y-MP
systems. To provide the CRAY Y-MP C90 system with
massive production workload capacity, the I/O architecture
delivers up to 13.6 Gbytes/sec of I/O bandwidth. This
very large bandwidth allows you to connect to mare
peripheral devices and perform more simultaneous
activities.
The IOS provides a flexible framework that can grow
with your I/O and peripheral needs. The IOS is comprised
of two to 16 1/O clusters (OCs), which allow large amounts
of data to be accessed with support for high-performance
data transmission. Each |OC supports up to 16 channel
adapters for a total of 256 channels for connection to
disk storage units, tape units, and communications
connections,
The standard configuration of the CRAY Y-MP C30
system includes two I/O clusters and 16 channel adapters.
Additional I/O clusters and channel adapters can be
configured easily at your site.
Advanced SSD technology
The optional $5D Solid-state Storage Device is a very
fast random-access device that increases system perfor-
mance when used in the following ways:
DAs high-speed I/O cache (ldcache)
LAs secondary program memory (sds) supported by
libraries and the CF77 Fortran compiling system
LAs a system swap space.
The CRAY Y-MP C90 system uses the proven Model E
§5D technology that allows you to improve system
throughput and increase individual job performance
with an aggregate bandwidth of up to 13.6 Gbytes/sec
Using VLSI chips and increased system integration, the
SSD is available with up to 2 Gwords (16 Gbytes) of
storage capacity.
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The CRAY Y-MP C90 system communicates with the 58D
through up to four 1800-Mbyte/sec channels. The SSD is
connected to the IOS through 200-Mbyte/sec channels.
These connections enable data to be transferred directly
between an lOS and the SSD without passing through
central memory, thereby increasing overall performance.
Disk drives
Cray Research offers fast, reliable mass storage devices
that provide large storage capacities in a small physical
space. The CRAY Y-MP C90 system supports all current
Cray Research disk storage devices including the DD-60
and DD-61 disk storage units. With the capability to
support over 4 terabytes of disk storage, the CRAY Y-MP C90
gives you high-speed access to 18 times more online
data than was possible with the original CRAY Y-MP
Model D system.
The DD-60 disk drive offers outstanding performance
and large storage capacities when matched with the IO
capability of the CRAY Y-MP C90 system and the UNICOS
operating system. Each I/O cluster configured with 16
DD-60 disk drives can deliver up to 320-Mbyte/sec per-
formance (up to 200 Mbytesi/sec in each direction).
The DD-60 is a 24-Mbyte/sec disk drive with a sustained
transfer rate of 20 Mbytes/sec and a capacity of 1.96
Gbytes. Disk striping provides single disk transfer rates
otf several times the rate of individual disk drives. Up to
eight DD-60 disk drives can be connected to each disk
channel adapter in the IOS.
The DD-61 disk drive delivers large storage capacities at
a low cost. The DD-61 provides you with access to large
amounts of data using highly reliable, 8-inch disk tech-
nology that gives the DD-61 a lower cost per Mbyte, a
small footprint, and low power consumption. The DD-61
is a 3-Mbyte/sec disk drive with a sustained transfer rate
of 2.6 Mbytes/sec and a capacity of 2.23 Gbytes. Up to
eight DD-61 disk drives can be connected to each disk
channel adapter in the integrated I/O subsystem.
Far left, weather forecast Left, high resolution ECRAWF
simulations displayed using forecast of the thickness of
MAGICS, an applications the atmospheric layer between
software package developed 71000 hPa and $00 hPa (solid
by ECMWE. color shading) overlaid with
the height (contours) of the
S00 hPa surface.
Two DE-60 disk cabinets, each containing up to eight DD-60 or
OD-67 disk drives,
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Performance-oriented, feature-rich software
The Cray Research application support environment is a
complete body of performance-oriented, standards-based
system software that enables users to focus on their
work, not the system's requirements. As part of a total
UNICOS highlights
Full production functionality
- Batch and interactive processing
- High-speed tape support
- Resource management
- Extensive accounting features
- Checkpoint/restart
- Networking
- Data Migration Facility (DMF)
- Online system diagnostics
- IEEE data format support
- Multi-level security
system solution, the application support environment
includes UNICOS, the world’s first and highest-perfor-
mance UNIX-based supercomputer operating system, as
well as a set of powerful compilers, development tools,
high-performance libraries, and data storage systems.
UNICOS operating system
The UNICOS operating system is the most powertul
| and feature-rich UNIX-based operating system available
to supercomputer users. Based on the UNIX System V
operating system with Berkeley extensions and numerous
performance enhancements, UNICOS is an interactive
and batch operating system that offers a number of
advantages including high performance, full functionality,
standards, and connectivity.
UNICOS is the result of hundreds of programmer years
of optimizations that deliver very high performance on
production workloads. Together with the powerful
CRAY ¥-MP C90 computer hardware and Autotasking
capabilities, this performance not only provides fast
turnaround on individual jobs, but also high through-
put for a varied workload through sophisticated job
scheduling capabilities.
UNICOS combines all the inherent strengths of UNIX,
such as a familiar user interface, with production-
oriented features including high-performance |/O,
optimal memory bandwidth utilization, multiprocessing
support, ANSI/IBM tape support, resource control,
High performance
- Autotasking and autovectorizing features
- Efficient, asynchronous I/O
- Striped disks
- File system extensions
Ease of use
- Industry standard interfaces
- Compatibility across entire CRAY Y-MP product line
- Advanced program development tools
-% Window System support
- Performance analysis tools
Left, wavefield snapshots
inside salt diapher. Images
show how energy is reflected
or refracted by subsurface
geology.
Right, syringe rubber stopper.
Image shows the component
geometry.
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Three-dimensional (3-D)
seismic data migration. This
computationally intensive
process enables researchers
to wew geological structures
for possible deposits of
petroleum and natural gas.
Data migrated with GEOSYS
package and displayed using
METAPLOT.
sophisticated job scheduling, tunable accounting, multi-
| evel security, and batch processing.
To help programmers build powerful applications in less
ume, UNICOS includes a powerful application development
toolset. Visual and line-oriented tools automatically ana
yze codes for programming and performance problems,
offer expert advice for making improvements, and provide
graphical interfaces to speed assimilation and manipula-
tion of this information.
Compilers
Cray Research offers the most powerful compilers in the
ndustry, including the CF7?7 Fortran compiling system,
the Cray Standard C Compiler, Cray Ada, and Pascal. The
CF?/? compiling system was the first Fortran compiler in
the industry with support for automatic parallel processing,
automatic vectorization, and scalar optimization. These
compiling features typically require little or no code
modification by the user, and full optimization is on by
default,
The CF7? 5.0 compiling system ensures portability with
full compliance to ANSI standard 3.9-1978. The flexibility
of CF? allows it to accept many nonstandard constructs
written for compilers from other vendors.
The CF? ? compiling system compiles Fortran’? programs
into executable code modules that take full advantage
of the CRAY Y-MP C90 vector capabilities, while its
Autotasking feature further enhances performance
For those codes that are not highly vectorizable, CF77
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ensures the best possible execution time by providing
maximized scalar optimization for the CRAY ¥-MP C90
system.
Because supercomputing applications written in
C language are becoming increasingly popular, Cray
Research offers the highest-performance ANSI standard
€ compiler in the industry. The Cray Standard C compiler
can be used to create portable, highly optimized code
with performance comparable to Fortran programs, Like
CF77, the Cray Standard C Release 3.0 compiler takes
full advantage of the CRAY Y-MP C90 performance capa-
bilities with automatic vectorization, scalar optimization,
and Autotasking.
Cray Research's CRITurbokiva and ease of use. Above, air
program allows scientists and velocity distribution in an
engineers to model combustion indirect injection diesel
Phenomena with unprece- prechamber. Right, combustion
dented performance, accuracy, ina four-valve gasoline
engine. Far night, fuel injection,
aute-ignition, and combustion
in @ passenger car indirect
injection diesel engine.
Autotasking
The CF7? compiling system and the Cray standard C
Compiler include Autotasking features that can dramati-
cally improve performance on all CRAY Y-MP systems.
The Autotasking feature divides a program into discrete
tasks that can be performed concurrently on multiple
processors in the CRAY ¥-MP C90 system. The Autotasking
features also include a convenient, powerful set of direc
tives that allow programmers to fine-tune their code for
even better performance. In production environments,
this feature can be used to improve both individual job
performance and overall system throughput.
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UNICOS Storage System
The UNICOS Storage System is the world's first high-
performance UNIX-based file server. With the UNICOS
Storage System, Cray Research systems enable users
to meet their computing needs while also addressing
the file storage needs of their network. The UNICOS
Orage System provides transparent data access, file
ocess capabilities, system administration, and automated
storage Management capabilities.
Applications
ray Research offers leading-edge applications for nearly
ery scientific and engineering discipline, including the
ost widely used third-party application programs. These
2pplications are used by diverse industries to accelerate
product development, increase productivity, and solve
wy
G
Cray Research's LiniChem chemistry environment. Far
computational chemistry left, lowest unoccupied
environment allows researchers molecular orbital (LUMO)
to build, calculate, and for the C-60 molecule
visualize complex chemical (Buckminsterfullerene), Left,
systems. Below, caffeine density functional model af
molecule with total electron a copper imizadole complex
density shown in two displayed with a Van der
dimensions, computed and Waals surface,
visualized using Cray Research's
Unichem computational
industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics,
chemistry, energy, petroleum, and defense.
To augment the utility of its supercomputers, Cray
Research has developed specialized, key application
packages such as:
Unichem, Cray Research's easy-to-use supercomputing
environment for computational chemistry simulation
that enables researchers to explore complex chemical
systems at a new level of detail from their desktops.
J CRiTurboKiva, a powerful combustion simulation
environment that provides a reliable and effective analysis
tool for designing cleaner-burning internal combustion
engines. CRI/TurboKiva is an enhanced engineering
version of Kiva Il, Los Alamos National Laboratory's
public domain engine flow, spray, and chemical reaction
simulation code,
eo
yy Sat 5
((
Se
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The power of visualization
Cray Research supports the following software
packages to couple the power of visualization with
its supercomputers:
Co Muitipurpose Graphic System (MPGS), an interactive
menu-driven engineering visualization package for
use on Cray Research computer systems. MPGS works
with a wide variety of engineering applications.
1 AVS (Application Visualization System), a high-level,
object-oriented environment for constructing visuali-
zation programs.
Left, natural convection heat
transfer in a three-dimensianal
electronics enclosure, computed
using FIDAP.
Right, air flow in prototype
B-777 aircraft cabin. Colors
depict air flaw velocities,
calculated with FLUENTIBFC.
LURIS Explorer, a visually based, object-oriented applica
tion building environment.
LI The Cray Visualization Toolkit (CVT), which enables
users to run applications on Cray Research systems
through their workstations. CVT allows users to
generate graphics and graphical user interfaces easily
with the following tools:
Release X11R4 of the X Window System
- Sun Microsystems’ XView toolkit (OPEN LOOK)
Open Software Foundation’s (OSF) Motif 1.1 Toolkit
- Silicon Graphics, Inc. Distributed Graphics Library (DGL)
These tools allow most applications that run on Cray
Research systems to have the same “look and feel” as
the most common workstation environments, making
Cray Research systems even easier to use and making
users More productive,
=
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ne
> Ee-— Gs <a ————-
-—-— —-—a8 -
Network Supercomputing
Delivering supercomputing power to
your desktop
To bring the benefits of supercomputing to more users
than ever before, Cray Research is dedicated to making
i systems accessible through Network Supercomputing.
Because Cray Research supercomputers support industry
Standards as well as a variety of language extensions,
network protocols, and utilities from other vendors, they
can be integrated easily into heterogeneous computing
environments.
An array of communication products and protocols
supported by Cray Research allows applications to be
@stributed within your network. Through the implemen-
tation of official, emerging, and de facto networking
Standards, Cray Research provides connectivity to most
UND-based mainframes, minicomputers, and workstations.
These standards include the TCP/IP networking protocol
and applications, the X Window System, the Network
Fle System, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) of
the International Standards Organization (150), the
CRAY -hIF al
High Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI), the Fiber
Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), as well as other
networking standards.
Cray Research also provides network batch software
products that offer access to proprietary protocol
implementations (such as SNA, DECnet, and CDCNET)
through network gateways. Network batch software
runs on a variety of systems and workstations to provide
the logical connection to a CRAY Y-MP computer sys-
tem. Standard network batch software is. available for
the following systems: IBM MVS and VM, CDC NOS,
NOS/VE, DEC VAX/VMS, and a variety of computers and
workstations running the UNIX operating system. Net-
work batch software for Unisys and Honeywell Bull
systems is available from third-party vendors.
Network Supercomputing increases user productivity by
allowing access to a wide range of computing platforms
for optimal workload distribution. The result is a combi-
nation of flexibility and computing power unparalleled
in the computer industry.
CRAY ¥-MP 4E
File Server I ¥MP 2E
. i’
CRAY ¥-MP C90 system integrated into a heterogenous networking environment.
Page 14
Maximized system availability
The CRAY ¥-MP C90 supercomputer uses new tech-
nologies to provide high system reliability while main-
taining high performance. It includes the follawing
design enhancements that increase Its serviceability:
0 Graceful degradation of CPUs allows CPUs to be
configured in and out of the UNICOS operating system
without interrupting system operation.
CCP isolation allows diagnosis of isolated CPUs while
other CPUs run the operating system and applications
LU Connectonzed signal, power, and cooling connections
between modules and the mainframe chassis allow
for efficient removal and replacement.
Cray Research offers a wide range of maintenance
options for the CRAY Y-MP C90 system to meet your
needs. To assure high system availability, Cray Research
has developed advanced system support tools including
the new System Maintenance and Remote Test Environment
(SMARTE), which provides continuous error detection
and isolation. SMARTE is a UNIX-based system that
schedules diagnostic activity, automatically reports errors,
and provides a common X Window System interface to
all online diagnostic and concurrent maintenance tools.
The CRAY Y-MP C90 supercomputer — nothing
else comes close
The CRAY ¥Y-MP C90 system is the most powerful super-
computer available for technical computing. As part of a
complete supercomputing solution, it provides the insight
you need to approach today's production problems and
Grand Challenges with revolutionary solutions.
For more information on the CRAY Y-MP C90 super-
computer system, contact your nearest Cray Research
representative,
CRAY Y-MP C90/16256
product specifications
cPU
Technology
Number of CPUs
Vector pipes
Peak performance
Memory
Memory ports
Technology
Memory size
Total memory bandwidth
oO
Number of I/O clusters
Total system I/O bandwidth
HIPPI channels
LOSP channels
HISP channels
VHISP channels
Optional 55D
Capacity
Bandwidth
Physical characteristics
Mainframe cabinet
footprint area
IOS cabinet
footprint area
Custom silicon
10,000 gate-array
circuits
16
2 per CPL
16 GFLOPS
4 double-word ports
per CPU
15 ns BICMOS
256 Mwords
(2 Gbytes)
250 Gbytes/sec
2-16
13.6 Gbytesisec
100 Mbytes/sec
6 or 20 Mbytes/sec
200 Mbytes/sec
1800 Mbytes/sec
512, 1024, 2048
Mwords (4, 8, or
16 Gbytes)
13.6 Gbytes/sec
81 ft? (7.50 m*)
23.9 ft? (2.20 m?)
Product specifications and the availability of the
products are subject to change without notice.
Charge polarization in a using DMOL on CRAY YIP
folate molecule upon binding system and displayed by
to the enzyme dihydrofolate INSIGHT on Silicon Graphics
reductase (DHFR). The red workstation.
surface depicts regions of
increased charge density;
the blue surface depicts
reduced density. Computed
Page 16
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HESEARCH, INC,
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(612) 683-3801 . i |
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Supersonic flow over a pilot and F-15 aitcraft, courtesy of Laurence Feldman, Fluid Dynamics International. Space
shuttle courtesy of Dr. Timothy Baker and Dr. Antany Jameson, Princeton University and the NASA Johnson Space
Center, Car crash model courtesy of Kia Motors. Weather forecast simulations courtesy of European Center for
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Salt diapher images courtesy Maynard $. Redeker and Christopher P Ross of
Oryx Energy Company. Syringe rubber stopper courtesy of Becton Dickenson. Seismic migration courtesy of PRAKLA-
SEISMOS GmbH, Three dimensional electronics module courtesy of Fluid Dynamics Intemational, Airflow in B-777
aircraft courtesy of Boeing Enviranmental Control Systems.
CRAY, CRAY Y-MP S50, and UNICOS are registered trademarks, and Autotasking, CF77, CRAY ¥-MP EL, CRITurbokiva,
DD-60, DD-61, 10S, MPGS, SMARTE, and UniChem are trademarks of Cray Research, Inc. AVS is a trademark of Stardent
Computer, Inc. CDC, CDCnet, NOS/BE, and NOS/VE are trademarks of Control Data Corporation. Data General is a
trademark of Data General Corporation. DEC, DECnet, VAX, VAXcluster, and VMS are trademarks of Digital Equipment
Corporation. Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation. FIDAP and NEWTUN are trademarks of Fluid Dynamics
International. FLUENTI/BPC is a trademark of creare.«, Inc. GEOSYS is a trademark of PRAKLA-SEISMOS GmbH. IBM,
MVS, and VM are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. IRIS Explorer is a trademark of Silicon
; Graphics, Inc. LANIord is a trademark of Computer Network Technology Corporation. Motorola is a trademark of
Wrest? fe Motorola, Inc. Sun Workstation is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. The Cray Research implementation of TCPIP
‘ia is based on a product from the Wollongong Group, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. The
I % Window System is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
NiCPB-1 04-0192 ©7992 Cray Research, Inc.
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‘Taking on the Grand Challenges’
The Cray Y-MP C90 (later just C90) was a family of supercomputers launched by Cray Research in 1991 and produced between 1992 and 1996. The Y-MP C90 shipped with up to 16 vector mathematics-targeted CPUs, 8GB of RAM, and an SSD available in various sizes between 4GB and 16GB. Additional storage was via separate disc arrays in sizes of up to 4TB. As a specialist system, the Cray Y-MP ran a custom operating system known as UNICOS which was based on UNIX System V with OS and platform tuned compilers also available. Around 60 C90s were produced.
Taken from: Cray Publications - Cray Y-MP C90
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